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Religion and Spirituality - An open forum for the discussion of religion and spirituality. This forum is not intended solely for one religion nor is is intended to bash on any religion. It is for the discussion of any and all religions and forms of spirituality.
Ebbo - Archbishop of Reims, b. towards the end of the eighth century; d. 20 March, 851.
Ebendorfer, Thomas - German chronicler, professor, and statesman, b. 12 August, 1385, at Haselbach, in Upper Austria; d. at Vienna, 8 Jan., 1464.
Eberhard, Matthias - Bishop of Trier, b. 15 Nov., 1815, at Trier (Germany), d. there 30 May, 1876.
Eberhard of Ratisbon - A German chronicler about the beginning of the fourteenth century.
Ebermann, Veit - Theologian and controversialist, born 25 May, 1597, at Rendweisdorff, in Bavaria; died 8 April, 1675.
Ebionites - Two varieties: the earlier group called Ebionites denied the divinity of Christ; the later Ebionites were a Gnostic sect who believed that matter was eternal and was God's body.
Ecclesiastes - The name given to the book of Holy Scripture which usually follows the Proverbs; the Hebrew Qoheleth probably has the same meaning.
Ecclesiastical Architecture - All ecclesiastical architecture may be said to have been evolved from two distinct germ-cells, the oblong and the circular chamber.
Echard, Jacques - Historian of the Dominicans, born at Rouen, France, 22 September, 1644; died at Paris, 15 March, 1724.
Echave, Baltasar de - Painter, born at Zumaya, Guipuzcoa, Spain, in the latter part of the sixteenth century; died in Mexico about the middle of the seventeenth.
Echter von Mespelbrunn, Julius - Prince-Bishop of Würzburg, b. 18 March, 1545, in the Castle of Mespelbrunn, Spessart (Bavaria); d. 13 Sept., 1617, at Würzburg.
Echternach, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery in the town of that name, in the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg and the Diocese of Trier.
Eck, Johann - Theologian and principal adversary of Luther. Detailed profile by J.P. Kirsch.
Eckart, Anselm - Missionary, born at Bingen, Germany, 4 August, 1721; died at the College of Polstok, Polish Russia, 29 June, 1809.
Eckebert - Abbot of Schönau, born in the early part of the twelfth century.
Eckhart, Johann Georg von - German historian, b. at Duingen in the principality of Kalenberg, 7 Sept., 1664; d. at Würzburg, 9 Feb., 1730.
Eckhart, Meister - Biographical article on the Dominican theologian and mystic. Includes bibliography.
Eclecticism - A philosophical term meaning either a tendency of mind in a thinker to conciliate the different views or positions taken in regard to problems, or a system in philosophy which seeks the solution of its fundamental problems by selecting and uniting what it regards as true in the various philosophical schools.
Ecuador - An independent state of South America, bounded on the north by Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the south by Peru, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Edda - A title applied to two different collections of old Norse literature, the poetical or "Elder Edda" and the prose or "Younger Edda".
Edesius and Frumentius - Tyrian Greeks of the fourth century, probably brothers, who introduced Christianity into Abyssinia; the latter a saint and first Bishop of Axum, styled the Apostle of Abyssinia, d. about 383.
Edessa - A titular archiepiscopal see in that part of Mesopotamia formerly known as Osrhoene.
Edgeworth, Henry Essex - Confessor of Louis XVI, and vicar-general of the Diocese of Paris at the height of the French Revolution. (1745-1807)
Edinburgh - Derives its name from the time (about A.D. 620) when the fortress of Edwin's burgh was raised on a lofty spur of the Pentland Hills, overlooking the Firth of Forth, and established the Anglian dominion in the northern part of the Northumbrian Kingdom.
Edmund, Congregation of Saint - Founded in 1843, by Jean-Baptiste Muard, at Pontigny, France, for the work of popular missions.
Edmund Ignatius Rice, Blessed - Biographical article on the founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (better known as the Irish Christian Brothers).
Edmund Rich, Saint - This Archbishop of Canterbury died in 1240, and was canonized within six years. Biography.
Education - In the broadest sense, education includes all those experiences by which intelligence is developed, knowledge acquired, and character formed. In a narrower sense, it is the work done by certain agencies and institutions, the home and the school, for the express purpose of training immature minds.
Educational Association, The Catholic - A voluntary organization composed of Catholic educators and other persons who have an interest in the welfare of Catholic education in the United States.
Edward III - Detailed biographical article on the King of England.
Edward Jones, Blessed - Welsh convert to Catholicism. Became a priest. He was martyred in 1590. Article also has some information on his fellow martyr Anthony Middleton.
Egbert, Archbishop of York - Son of Eata, brother of the Northumbrian King Eadbert and cousin of King Ceolwulf, to whom the Venerable Bede dedicated his history; date of birth unknown; d. 19 November, 766.
Egbert, Saint - A Northumbrian by birth, became a monk in Ireland, died in 729 at the age of 90.
Eginhard - Historian, born c. 770 in the district watered by the River Main in the eastern part of the Frankish Empire; d. 14 March, 840, at Seligenstadt.
Egwin, Saint - Third bishop of Worcester, founded the Benedictine monastery of Evesham, d. 717 or 720.
Egypt - Provides information on history, religion, and literature.
Egyptian Church Ordinance - An early Christian collection of thirty-one canons regulating ordinations, the liturgy, and other main features of church life.
Eichstätt - Diocese in Bavaria, north of the Danube, and suffragan to Bamberg.
Eimhin, Saint - Abbot and Bishop of Ros-mic-Truin, d. first half of the sixth century. Some believe that Eimhin is the author of the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick.
Einsiedeln, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, dedicated to Our Lady of the Hermits.
Eisengrein, Martin - Catholic theologian and polemical writer, born of Protestant parents at Stuttgart, 28 December, 1535; died at Ingolstadt, 4 May, 1578.
Elder, George - Educator, b. 11 August, 1793, in Kentucky, U.S.A.; d. 28 Sept., 1838, at Bardstown.
Elder, William Henry - Third Bishop of Natchez, Mississippi, U.S.A., and second Archbishop of Cincinnati, b. in Baltimore, Maryland, 22 March, 1819; d. in Cincinnati, 31 Oct., 1904.
Eleazar - Includes information on three uses of this name.
Elect - Denotes in general one chosen or taken by preference from among two or more; as a theological term it is equivalent to "chosen as the object of mercy or Divine favour, as set apart for eternal life".
Election - In its broadest sense election means a choice among many persons, things, or sides to be taken. In the stricter juridical sense it means the choice of one person among many for a definite charge or function.
Elias of Cortona - Minister General of the Friars Minor, b., it is said, at Bevilia near Assisi, c. 1180; d. at Cortona, 22 April, 1253.
Elias of Jerusalem - Died 518; one of the two Catholic bishops (with Flavian of Antioch) who resisted the attempt of the Emperor Anastasius I (491-518) to abolish the Council of Chalcedon (451).
Elizabeth Associations - Charitable associations of women in Germany which aim for the love of Christ to minister to the bodily and spiritual sufferings of the sick poor and of neglected children.
Elizabeth of Hungary, Saint - Also called St. Elizabeth of Thuringia. Biographical article on the princess, widow, Third Order Franciscan, who died in 1231.
Elizabeth of Reute, Blessed - Even in her childhood was called "the good Betha." Third Order Franciscan, d. 1420.
Elizabeth of Schönau, Saint - Benedictine visionary, friend of Hildegarde of Bingen. Elizabeth died in 1165.
Elizabeth, Saint - The wife of Zachary, mother of St. John the Baptist, and relative of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Some believe that it was Elizabeth who proclaimed the Magnificat.
Elizabeth, Sisters of Saint - From an association established by Dorothea Klara Wolff, in connection with the sisters, Mathilde and Maria Merkert, and Franziska Werner, 1842, in Nelsse (Prussia), to tend in their own homes, without compensation, helpless sick persons who could not or would not be received into the hospitals.
Ellis, Philip Michael - First Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, England, subsequently Bishop of Segni, Italy, b. in 1652; d. 16 Nov., 1726.
Ellwangen Abbey - The earliest Benedictine monastery established in the Duchy of Wurtemberg, situated in the Diocese of Augsburg about thirty miles north-east of the town of Stuttgart.
Emanationism - The doctrine that emanation (Lat. emanare, "to flow from") is the mode by which all things are derived from the First Reality, or Principle.
Emancipation, Ecclesiastical - In ancient Rome emancipation was a process of law by which a slave released from the control of his master, or a son liberated from the authority of his father (patria potestas), was declared legally independent. The earliest ecclesiastical employment of this process was in the freeing of slaves.
Ember Days - The days at the beginning of the seasons ordered by the Church as days of fast and abstinence.
Embolism - An insertion, addition, interpretation. The word has two specific uses in the language of the Church; in the prayer and in the calendar.
Embroidery - In Christian worship embroidery was used from early times to ornament vestments.
Emerentiana, Saint - Virgin and martyr, d. at Rome in the third century.
Emery, Jacques-André - Superior of the Society of St-Sulpice during the French Revolution, b. 26 Aug., 1732, at Gex; d. at Paris, 28 April, 1811.
Emesa - A titular see of Phnicia Secunda, suffragan of Damascus, and the seat of two Uniat archdioceses, Greek Melchite and Syrian.
Emigrant Aid Societies - Details of several organizations, the earliest being the Charitable Irish Society of Boston, Massachusetts, founded 17 March, 1737.
Emmanuel - Signifies "God with us" (Matthew 1:23), and is the name of the child predicted in Isaias 7:14: "Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and his name shall be called Emmanuel".
Emmaus - A titular see in Pa1æstina Prima, suffragan of Cæsarea.
Emmeram, Saint - Late seventh-century missionary to Bavaria, where he was martyred.
Emmeram, Saint, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery at Ratisbon (Regensburg), named after its traditional founder, the patron saint of the city.
Emmerich, Anne Catherine - An Augustinian nun, stigmatic, and ecstatic, born 8 September, 1774, at Flamsche, near Coesfeld, in the Diocese of Munster, Westphalia, Germany; died at Dulmen, 9 February, 1824.
Empiricism - Primarily, and in its psychological application, the term signifies the theory that the phenomena of consciousness are simply the product of sensuous experience, i.e. of sensations variously associated and arranged.
Ems, Congress of - A meeting of the representatives of the German Archbishops Friedrich Karl von Erthal of Mainz, Maximilian Franz of Cologne, Clemens Wenceslaus of Trier, and Hieronymus von Colloredo of Salzburg, at the little town of Bad-Ems, near Coblenz, in August, 1786, for the purpose of protesting against papal interference in the exercise of episcopal powers and fixing the future relations between these archbishops and the Roman pontiff.
Emser, Hieronymus - The most ardent literary opponent of Luther, born of a prominent family at Ulm, 20 March, 1477; died 8 Nov., 1527 at Dresden.
Encina, Juan de la - Biographical article commenting on his musical and writing abilities and his priestly positions.
Enciso, Diego Ximenez de - Dramatic poet, b. in Andalusia, Spain, c. 1585; date of death unknown.
Enciso, Martín Fernández de - Navigator and geographer, b. at Seville, Spain, c. 1470; d. probably about 1528 at Seville.
Encolpion - The name given in early Christian times to a species of reliquary worn round the neck, in which were enclosed relics.
Encratites - Literally, "abstainers" or "persons who practised continency", because they refrained from the use of wine, animal food, and marriage.
Encyclical - According to its etymology, an encyclical is nothing more than a circular letter. In modern times, usage has confined the term almost exclusively to certain papal documents which differ in their technical form from the ordinary style of either Bulls or Briefs, and which in their superscription are explicitly addressed to the patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops of the Universal Church in communion with the Apostolic See.
Encyclopedia - An abridgment of human knowledge in general or a considerable department thereof, treated from a uniform point of view or in a systematized summary.
Encyclopedists - Article by C.A. Dubray siscusses the group of philosophers who contributed to the Encyclopédie.
Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus - Austrian botanist, linguist, and historian, b. at Pressburg, Hungary, 24 June, 1804; d. at Vienna, 28 March, 1849.
Endowment - A property, fund, or revenue permanently appropriated for the support of any person, institution, or object, as a student, professorship, school, hospital.
Engaddi - The name of a warm spring near the center of the west shore of the Dead Sea, and also of a town situated in the same place.
Engel, Ludwig - Canonist, b. at Castle Wagrein, Austria; d. at Grillenberg, 22 April 1694.
Engelberg, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery in Switzerland, formerly in the Diocese of Constance.
Engelbert - Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Admont in Styria, b. of noble parents at Volkersdorf in Styria, c. 1250; d. 12 May, 1331.
Engelbert of Cologne, Saint - Went from excommunicated worldly soldier to martyred archbishop. He was killed by his cousin in 1225.
Engelbrechtsen, Cornelis - Dutch painter, b. at Leyden, 1468; d. there 1533; is believed to have been identical with a certain Cornelis de Hollandere who was a member of the Guild of St. Luke at Antwerp in 1492.
England (After 1558) - Article on the relation of the post-Reformation Catholic church to the English state.
England (Before the Reformation) - This term England is here restricted to one constituent, the largest and most populous, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
England, John - First Bishop of Charleston, S.C. (1786-1842)
English Confessors and Martyrs (1534-1729) - Since this article was published, some of the causes for canonization have been successful, and others have progressed from "venerable" to "blessed."
English Literature - Latin, French, Italian, Greek, and Spanish literatures are a few of the influences.
Ennodius, Magnus Felix - Rhetorician and bishop, b. probably at Arles, in Southern Gaul, in 474; d. at Pavia, Italy, 17 July, 521.
Ensingen, Ulrich - Belonged to a family of architects who came from Einsingen near Ulm, Wurtemberg, and who shared as master-builders in the construction of the most important Gothic buildings of the fifteenth century in Southern Germany.
Entablature - A superstructure which lies horizontally upon the columns in classic architecture.
Enthronization - From Greek 'enthronízein, to place on a throne.
Eoghan, Saints - Some details on five Irish saints of this name.
Epact - The surplus days of the solar over the lunar year; hence, more freely, the number of days in the age of the moon on 1 January of any given year. The whole system of epacts is based on the Metonic Lunar Cycle, and serves to indicate the days of the year on which the new moons occur.
Eparchy - Originally the name of one of the divisions of the Roman Empire.
Epée, Charles-Michel de l' - A philanthropic priest and inventor of the sign alphabet for the instruction of the deaf and dumb; was b. at Versailles, 25 November, 1712; d. at Paris, 23 December, 1789.
Eperies - Diocese of the Greek Ruthenian Rite, suffragan to Gran.
Ephesians, Epistle to the - The letter which, in the manuscripts containing the Epistles of St. Paul, bears the title "To the Ephesians" comprises two parts distinctly separated by a doxology (Eph., iii, 20 sq.).
Ephesus - A titular archiespiscopal see in Asia Minor, said to have been founded in the eleventh century B.C. by Androcles, son of the Athenian King Codrus, with the aid of Ionian colonists.
Ephesus, Robber Council of - The Acts of the first session of this synod were read at the Council of Chalcedon, 451, and have thus been preserved. The remainder of the Acts are known only through a Syriac translation by a Monophysite monk, published from the British Museum MS. Addit. 14,530, written in the year 535.
Ephesus, Seven Sleepers of - One of the many examples of the legend about a man who falls asleep and years after wakes up to find the world changed.
Ephod - a kind of garment, which differed according to its use by the high-priest, by other persons present at religious services, or as the object of idolatrous worship.
Ephraem, Saint - Long article on the life and works of the hermit, deacon, poet.
Ephraim of Antioch - One of the defenders of the Faith of Chalcedon (451) against the Monophysites, b. at Amida in Mesopotamia; d. in 545.
Epicureanism - In its popular sense, the word stands for a refined and calculating selfishness, seeking not power or fame, but the pleasures of sense, particularly of the palate, and those in company rather than solitude.
Epiklesis - The name of a prayer that occurs in all Eastern liturgies (and originally in Western liturgies also) after the words of Institution, in which the celebrant prays that God may send down His Holy Spirit to change this bread and wine into the Body and Blood of His Son.
Epiphania - A titular see in Cilicia Secunda, in Asia Minor, suffragan of Anazarbus.
Epiphanius - A translator of various Greek works in the middle of the sixth century of the Christian Era.
Epiphany - The feast was called among the Syrians denho (up-going), a name to be connected with the notion of rising light expressed in Luke. I, 78.
Epistemology - That branch of philosophy which is concerned with the value of human knowledge.
Epistle (in Scripture) - The Old Testament exhibits two periods in its idea of an epistle: first, it presents the epistle under the general concept of a book or a writing; secondly, it regards the epistle as a distinct literary form. The New Testament presents a very highly developed form of an epistle.
Epping, Joseph - German astronomer and Assyriologist, b. at Neuenkirchen near Rhine in Westphalia, 1 Dec., 1835; d. at Exaeten, Holland, 22 Aug., 1894.
Erasmus, Desiderius - Article by Joseph Sauer. An extensive overview of the life, works and impact of this scholar.
Erastus and Erastianism - The name "Erastianism" is often used in a somewhat loose sense as denoting an undue subservience of the Church to the State.
Ercilla y Zúñiga, Alonso de - Spanish soldier and poet, born in Madrid, 7 August, 1533; died in the same city, 29 November, 1594.
Erconwald, Saint - Monk, Bishop of London, founded two monasteries, d. about 690. Biography.
Erdington Abbey - Situated in a suburb of Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, belongs to the Benedictine congregation of St. Martin of Beuron, Germany, and is dedicated to St. Thomas of Canterbury.
Eriugena, John Scotus - Article by William Turner recounts this scholar's life and influence, and evaluates his teachings.
Ermland - A district of East Prussia and an exempt bishopric. St. Adalbert of Prague (d. 997) and St. Bruno of Querfurt (d. 1009) converted the early inhabitants of this region, the heathen Prussians, to Christianity and two centuries later Teutonic Knights and members of the Cistercian Order introduced civilization also into the land.
Ernakulam, Vicariate Apostolic of - In May, 1887, the churches of Syrian Rite in Malabar were separated from those of the Latin Rite and formed into the Vicariates of Trichur and Kottayam under European prelates. In response, however, to the petitions of the Syrian Catholics desirous of obtaining bishops of their own race and rite, Leo XIII by his brief "Quae Rei Sacrae" (28 July, 1896) divided the territory anew into three vicariates: Trichur, Changanacherry, and Ernakulam.
Ernan, Saint - Some people count more than two dozen saints of this name. Article tries to distinguish four of them.
Ernst of Hesse-Rheinfels - The sixth son of Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, after whose resignation of the government in 1627 to his son Wilhelm V, Ernst and his brother Hermann respectively founded the collateral lines of Hesse-Rheinfels and Hesse-Rotenburg.
Ernulf - Architect, b. at Beauvais, France, in 1040; d. 1124.
Errington, William - Priest, founder of Sedgley Park School, b. 17 July, 1716; d. 28 September, 1768.
Error - Reduplicatively regarded, is in one way or another the product of ignorance. But besides the lack of information which it implies, it adds the positive element of a mental judgment, by which something false is held to be true, or something true avouched to be false.
Erskine, Charles - Cardinal, b. at Rome, 13 Feb., 1739; d. at Paris, 20 March, 1811.
Erthal, Franz Ludwig von - Prince-Bishop of Würzburg and Bamberg, b. at Lohr on the Main, 16 September, 1730; d. at Würzburg, 16 February, 1795.
Erwin of Steinbach - One of the architects of the Strasburg cathedral, date of birth unknown; d. at Strasburg, 17 January, 1318.
Erythrae - A titular see in Asia Minor. According to legend the city was founded by colonists from Crete.
Erzerum (Theodosiopolis) - The kings of Armenia established their summer residence here. Later Garin fell into the power of the Byzantines, who named it Theodosiopolis (415), under which title it is still a Latin titular see.
Esau - The eldest son of Isaac and Rebecca, the twin-brother of Jacob.
Esch, Nicolaus van - A famous mystical theologian, b. in Oisterwijk near Hertogenbosch (Boisle-Duc), Holland, in 1507; d. 19 July, 1578.
Eschatology - A survey of the subject in various pre-Christian religions and cultures, an examination of the development of eschatology in the Old Testament, brief overview of Christian teaching.
Escobar, Marina de - Mystic and foundress of a modified branch of the Brigittine Order b. at Valladolid, Spain, 8 Feb., 1554; d. there 9 June, 1633.
Escorial, The - A building in Spain situated on the south-eastern slope of the Sierra Guadarrama about twenty-seven miles north-west of Madrid. Its proper title is El Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo del Escorial , Escorial being the name of a small town in the vicinity.
Esdras - Or Ezra. Article on the man and the books which bear his name.
Eskil - Archbishop of Lund, Skåne, Sweden; b. about 1100; d. at Clairvaux, 6 (7?) Sept., 1181.
Eskimo - A littoral race occupying the entire Arctic coast and outlying islands of America from below Cook Inlet in Alaska to the mouth of the St. Lawrence.
Esnambuc, Pierre Belain, Sieur d' - Captain in the French marine, b. 1565, at Allouville, near Yvetot (Seine-Inferieure); d. at St. Christopher in Dec., 1636.
Espejo, Antonio - A Spanish explorer, whose fame rests upon a notable expedition which he conducted into New Mexico and Arizona in 1582-3.
Espen, Zeger Bernhard van - Belgian canonist, born at Louvain, 9 July, 1646; died at Amersfoort, Netherlands, 2 Oct., 1728.
Espence, Claude D' - French theologian, born in 1511 at Châlons-sur-Marne; died 5 Oct., 1571, at Paris.
Espinel, Vincent - Poet and novelist; born at Ronda (Malaga), Spain, 1544; died at Madrid, 1634.
Espinosa, Alonso De - Spanish priest and historian of the sixteenth century.
Espousals - A contract of future marriage between a man and a woman, who are thereby affianced.
Essence and Existence - Essence, described as that whereby a thing is what it is. Existence is that whereby the essence is an actuality in the line of being.
Essenes - One of three leading Jewish sects mentioned by Josephus as flourishing in the second century B.C., the others being the Pharisees and the Sadducees.
Establishment, The - The union of Church and State setting up a definite and distinctive relation between the two is frequently expressed in English by the use of the word "establishment".
Estaing, Comte d' - French admiral, b. at the chateau de Ravel (Auvergne), 28 November, 1729; d. at Paris, 28 April, 1794.
Esther - Queen of Persia and wife of Assuerus, who is identified with Xerxes (485-465 B.C.).
Ethelbert, Saint - King of Kent, a worshipper of Odin well into his adulthood, converted to Christianity, d. 616. Biography.
Ethelbert, Saint - Biography of the King of the East Angles, who was murdered in 794.
Etheldreda, Saint - Queen of Northumbria, twice married for reasons of state, d. 679. Biography.
Ethelwold, Saint - Bishop of Winchester, called "father of monks," d. 984.
Etherianus, Hugh and Leo - Brothers, Tuscans by birth, employed at the court of Constantinople under the Emperor Manuel I (Comnenus, 1143-1180).
Ethethard - The fourteenth Archbishop of Canterbury, England, date of birth unknown; died 12 May, 805.
Ethics - Many writers regard ethics as any scientific treatment of the moral order and divide it into theological, or Christian, ethics (moral theology) and philosophical ethics (moral philosophy).
Ethiopia - Includes geography, history, and religion.
Etschmiadzin - An Armenian monastery, since 1441 the ecclesiastical capital of the schismatic Armenians, and seat of their patriarch or catholicos, whom the greater part of the Non-Uniat Armenian Church acknowledge as their head.
Euaria - A titular see of Phoenicia Secunda or Libanensis, in Palestine.
Eucarpia - A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris in Asia Minor.
Eucharist, as a Sacrament - Since Christ is present under the appearances of bread and wine in a sacramental way, the Blessed Eucharist is unquestionably a sacrament of the Church.
Eucharist, Early Symbols of the - The earliest and always the favourite symbol of the Eucharist in the monuments was that inspired by the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves and fishes; the banquet of the seven Disciples appears only in one (second-century) catacomb scene; the miracle of Cana in two, one of which is of the early third, the other of the fourth, century.
Eucharist, Introduction to the - The name given to the Blessed Sacrament of the Altar its twofold aspect of sacrament and Sacrifice of Mass, and in which Jesus Christ is truly present under the bread and wine.
Eucharist, Real Presence of Christ in - Article considers: the fact of the Real Presence; the several allied dogmas grouped about it; and the speculations of reason, so far as speculative investigation regarding the august mystery under its various aspects is permissible, and so far as it is desirable to illumine it by the light of philosophy.
Eucharistic Congresses - Gatherings of ecclesiastics and laymen for the purpose of celebrating and glorifying the Holy Eucharist and of seeking the best means to spread its knowledge and love throughout the world.
Eucharius, Saint - First bishop of Trier (Treves). Second half of third century.
Euchologion - The name of one of the chief Service books of the Byzantine Church. It corresponds more or less to the Missal and Ritual.
Eudists - An ecclesiastical society instituted at Caen, France, 25 March, 1643, by Jean Eudes.
Eudocia - Ælia Eudocia, sometimes wrongly called Eudoxia, was the wife of Theodosius II; died c. 460. Her original name was Athenais, and she was the daughter of Leontius, one of the last pagans who taught rhetoric at Athens.
Eudoxias - A titular see of Galatia Secunda in Asia Minor, suffragan of Pessinus.
Eugendus, Saint - Fourth abbot of Condat, d. 510. Also called St. Augendus, Oyand, or Oyan.
Eugene I, Pope Saint - Made bishop of Rome after Pope St. Martin I had been in exile for 14 months. Eugene died in 657.
Eugene III, Pope Blessed - Cistercian monk and abbot chosen by unanimous vote of the College of Cardinals to succeed Lucius II. Blessed Eugene died in 1151.
Eugene IV, Pope - Gabriello Condulmaro, or Condulmerio, b. at Venice, 1388; elected 4 March, 1431; d. at Rome, 23 Feb., 1447.
Eugenics, The Church and - Eugenics literally means "good breeding". It is defined as the study of agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally.
Eugenius I - Archbishop of Toledo, successor in 636 of Justus in that see; d. 647.
Eulogia - The term has been applied in ecclesiastical usage to the object blessed. It was occasionally used in early times to signify the Holy Eucharist, and in this sense is especially frequent in the writings of St. Cyril of Alexandria.
Eulogius of Alexandria, Saint - Patriarch of Alexandria. Argued against Novatians, and against Nestorius and Eutyches. Eulogius died in 607.
Eulogius of Cordova, Saint - Writer, martyr, elected Archbishop of Toledo shortly before he was beheaded (11 March, 859).
Eumenia - A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana in Asia Minor, and suffragan to Hierapolis.
Eunomianism - A phase of extreme Arianism prevalent amongst a section of Eastern churchmen from about 350 until 381; as a sect it is not heard of after the middle of the fifth century.
Euphemius of Constantinople - Succeeded as patriarch Flavitas (or Fravitas, 489-490), who succeeded Acacius (471-489).
Euphrosyne, Saint - According to the Vitae Patrum, passed as a man and lived in a men's monastery for 38 years. She died in about 470.
Euroea - A titular see of Epirus Vetus in Greece, suffragan of Nicopolis.
Europe - The conception of Europe as a distinct division of the earth, separate from Asia and Africa, had its origin in ancient times.
Europus - A titular see in Provincis Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis.
Eusebius Bruno - Bishop of Angers, b. in the early part of the eleventh century; d. at Angers, 29 August, 1081.
Eusebius, Chronicle of - Consists of two parts: the first was probably called by Eusebius the "Chronograph" or "Chronographies"; the second he terms the "Canon", or "Canons", and also the "Chronological Canons".
Eusebius of Alexandria - Ecclesiastical writer and author of a number of homilies well known in the sixth and seventh centuries.
Eusebius of Cæsarea - Biographical article on the "Father of Church History."
Eusebius of Dorylæum - Bishop of Dorylæum in Asia Minor, was the prime mover on behalf of Catholic orthodoxy against the heresies of Nestorius and Eutyches.
Eusebius of Laodicea - An Alexandrian deacon who had some fame as a confessor and became bishop of Laodicea in Syria, date of birth uncertain: d. about 268.
Eusebius of Nicomedia - Bishop, place and date of birth unknown; d. 341. He was a pupil at Antioch of Lucian the Martyr, in whose famous school he learned his Arian doctrines.
Eusebius, Pope Saint - Reigned for only four months, in 309 or 310, was deported, died in exile, is counted as a martyr.
Eusebius, Saint - Anti-Arian bishop of Samosata, martyr, d. 379 or 380.
Eusebius, Saint - A Roman presbyter, confessor, d. possibly in 357.
Eusebius, Saint - Bishop of Vercelli, exiled for defending St. Athanasius, anti-Arian, martyr, d. 371.
Eustace, John Chetwode - Antiquary, b. in Ireland, c. 1762; d. at Naples, Italy, 1 Aug., 1815.
Eustace, Maurice - His own father had him arrested for secretly taking Holy Orders, and Maurice's brother accused him of treason. Martyred at Dublin in 1581.
Eustace, Saint - Companion of St. Columbanus and second abbot of Luxeuil, d. 625.
Eustace White, Saint - English convert to Catholicism, priest, missionary to his native land, martyred in 1591. Short biography.
Eustathius of Sebaste - Born about 300; died about 377. He was one of the chief founders of monasticism in Asia Minor, and for a long time was an intimate friend of St. Basil.
Eustathius, Saint - Anti-Arian bishop of Antioch, died in exile, probably in 360.
Eustochium Julia, Saint - Daughter of St. Paula. Monastic, spoke Latin and Greek, read Hebrew, the recipient of a famous letter from St. Jerome. She died in 419 or 420.
Euthalius - A deacon of Alexandria and later Bishop of Sulca.
Euthanasia - From Greek eu, well, and thanatos, death, easy, painless death.
Euthymius, Saint - Called "the Great," abbot in Palestine, d. 473.
Eutychianism - Eutychianism and Monophysitism are usually identified as a single heresy. But as some Monophysites condemned Eutyches, the name Eutychians is given by some writers only to those in Armenia.
Evagrius Ponticus - Short article on this important fourth-century author of ascetical writings.
Evangeliaria - Liturgical books containing those portions of the Gospels which are read during Mass or in the public offices of the Church.
Evangelical Alliance, The - An association of Protestants belonging to various denominations founded in 1846.
Evangelical Church - Almost from the beginning the new Evangelical Church was split, first into two communions, the Lutheran and the Reformed, then into a multitude of sects.
Evangelist - In the New Testament this word, in its substantive form, occurs only three times: Acts, xxi, 8; Eph., iv, 11; II Tim., iv, 5. It seems to indicate not so much an order in the early ecclesiastical hierarchy as a function.
Eve of a Feast - In the first ages, during the night before every feast, a vigil was kept. In the evening the faithful assembled in the place or church where the feast was to be celebrated and prepared themselves by prayers, readings from Holy Writ (now the Offices of Vespers and Matins), and sometimes also by hearing a sermon.
Evesham Abbey - Founded by St. Egwin, third Bishop of Worcester, about 701, in Worcestershire, England, and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin.
Evil - In a large sense, described as the sum of the opposition, which experience shows to exist in the universe, to the desires and needs of individuals; whence arises, among humans beings at least, the sufferings in which life abounds.
Evodius - The first Bishop of Antioch after St. Peter.
Evolution, Catholics and - Discussed under the headings: (1) Scientific Hypothesis vs. Philosophical Speculation; (2) Theistic vs. Atheistic Theories of Evolution; (3) The Theory of Evolution vs. Darwinism; and (4) Human Evolution vs. Plant and Animal Evolution.
Evora - Located in Portugal, raised to archiepiscopal rank in 1544, at which time it was given as suffragans Leiria and Portalegre; in 1570 and later were added Sylves, Ceuta, Congo, Santo Thomé, Funchal, Cabo Verde, and Angra.
Evreux - Diocese in the Department of Eure, France; suffragan of the Archbishopric of Rouen.
Ewald, Saints - Both saints named Ewald (or Hewald)--Ewald the Black and Ewald the Fair--were Northumbrian priests, martyred in Old Saxony about 695.
Ewing, Thomas - Jurist and statesman, b. in West Liberty, Virginia (now West Virginia), U.S.A., 28 December, 1789; d. at Lancaster, Ohio, 26 October, 1871.
Ex Cathedra - Literally "from the chair", a theological term which signifies authoritative teaching and is more particularly applied to the definitions given by the Roman pontiff.
Examination - A process prescribed or assigned for testing qualification; an investigation, inquiry.
Examination of Conscience - By this term is understood a review of one's past thoughts, words and actions for the purpose of ascertaining their conformity with, or difformity from, the moral law.
Examiners, Apostolic - So called because appointed by the Apostolic See for service in Rome. In 1570 Pius V instituted the Apostolic examiners to conduct examinations of candidates for orders and of confessors.
Examiners, Synodal - The chief purpose of synodal examiners is to conduct competitive examinations or concursus though they may be designated to hold of other examinations.
Exarch - A title used in various senses both civilly and ecclesiastically.
Exclusion, Right of - The alleged competence of the more important Catholic countries, Austria, France, and Spain, to indicate to their respective cardinal protector, or cardinal procurator, those members of the Sacred College who were personæ minus gratæ, so that, if there was a possibility of one of these becoming pope, the authorized cardinal might, before the decisive ballot, give his veto, in the name of his government, against such election.
Excommunication - Exclusion from the communion, the principal and severest censure, is a medicinal, spiritual penalty that deprives the guilty Christian of all participation in the common blessings of ecclesiastical society.
Executor, Apostolic - A cleric who puts into execution a papal rescript, completing what is necessary in order that it be effective.
Exedra - A semicircular stone or marble seat; a rectangular or semicircular recess; the portico of the Grecian palæstra, or gymnasium, in which disputations of the learned were held among the ancients; also, in private houses, the parastas, or vestibule, used for conversation.
Exegesis, Biblical - The branch of theology which investigates and expresses the true sense of Sacred Scripture.
Exemption - The whole or partial release of an ecclesiastical person, corporation, or institution from the authority of the ecclesiastical superior next higher in rank, and the placing of the person or body thus released under the control of the authority next above the former superior, or under a still higher one, or under the highest authority of all, the pope.
Exequatur - A faculty which civil rulers impart to a Bull, papal Brief, or other ecclesiastical enactment in order to give it binding force in their respective territories.
Exeter, Ancient Diocese of - English see, chosen by Leofric, Bishop of Crediton, as his cathedral city in 1050.
Exorcism - Exorcism is (1) the act of driving out, or warding off, demons, or evil spirits, from persons, places, or things, which are believed to be possessed or infested by them, or are liable to become victims or instruments of their malice; (2) the means employed for this purpose, especially the solemn and authoritative adjuration of the demon, in the name of God, or any of the higher power in which he is subject.
Exorcist - (1) In general, any one who exorcises or professes to exorcise demons (cf. Acts 19:13); (2) in particular, one ordained by a bishop for this office, ordination to which is the second of the four minor orders of the Western Church.
Expectation of the Blessed Virgin Mary - Celebrated on 18 December by nearly the entire Latin Church. Owing to the ancient law of the Church prohibiting the celebration of feasts during Lent (a law still in vigour at Milan), the Spanish Church transferred the feast of the Annunciation from 25 March to the season of Advent, the Tenth Council of Toledo (656) assigning it definitely to 18 December.
Expectative - An expectative, or an expectative grace, is the anticipatory grant of an ecclesiastical benefice, not vacant at the moment but which will become so, regularly, on the death of its present incumbent.
Expeditors, Apostolic - Officials who attend to the sending of Bulls, Briefs, and Rescripts, that emanate from the Apostolic Chancery, the Dataria, the Sacred Paenitentiaria, and the Secretariate of Briefs.
Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament - A manner of honouring the Holy Eucharist, by exposing it, with proper solemnity, to the view of the faithful in order that they may pay their devotions before it.
Extension - Philosophical term. From Lat. ex-tendere, to spread out.
Extravagantes - This word is employed to designate some papal decretals not contained in certain canonical collections which possess a special authority, i.e. they are not found in the Decree of Gratian or the three official collections of the "Corpus Juris".
Extreme Unction - A sacrament to give spiritual aid and comfort and perfect spiritual health, including, if need be, the remission of sins, and also, conditionally, to restore bodily health, to Christians who are seriously ill.
Exul Hibernicus - The name given to an Irish stranger on the Continent of Europe in the time of Charles the Great, who wrote poems in Latin, several of which are addressed to the emperor.
Exultet - The hymn in praise of the paschal candle sung by the deacon, in the liturgy of Holy Saturday.
Exuperius, Saint - Or Exsuperius. Early fifth-century bishop of Toulouse.
Eyb, Albrecht von - One of the earliest German humanists, born in 1420 near Anabach in Franconia; died in 1475.
Eyck, Hubert and Jan van - Brothers, Flemish illuminators and painters, founders of the school of Bruges and consequently of all the schools of painting in the North of Europe.
Eycken, Jean Baptiste van - Painter, born at Brussels, Belgium, 16 September, 1809; died at Schaerbeek, 19 December, 1853.
Eymeric, Nicolas - Theologian and inquisitor, born at Gerona, in Catalonia, Spain, c. 1320; died there 4 January, 1399.
Eyre, Thomas - First president of Ushaw College; born at Glossop, Derbyshire; in 1748; died at Ushaw, 8 May, 1810.
Eyston, Charles - Antiquary, born 1667; died 5 November, 1721; he was a member of the ancient family of Eyston.
Ezechias - King of Juda, son and successor of Achaz.
Ezekiel - Son of Buzi, and was one of the priests who, in the year 598 B.C., had been deported together with Joachim as prisoners from Jerusalem (IV Kings, xxiv, 12-16; cf. Ezek. xxxiii, 21, xl, 1).
Eznik - A writer of the fifth century, born at Golp, in the province of Taikh, a tributary valley of the Chorokh, in Northern Armenia.
Ezzo - A priest of Bamberg in the eleventh century, author of a famous poem known as the "Song of the Miracles of Christ".
